European rail has long functioned along national lines: An incumbent national railroad company worked with single suppliers of vehicles, tracks, and signaling systems. This model has spared rail the disruptions that have hit some other industries, but it is now under attack.
The standardization of components is increasing the potential of scale effects and driving down prices. Rail liberalization in Europe has invited new competition from overseas. And players from the digital world are entering the business, providing applications that improve security or provide better customer information.
The rail industry turns international
A new generation of global player is starting to compete in different continents
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